From 4e37c9fa9a5dcda3f063117fa0a0abe45df6d888 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: JasonHomeWorkstationUbuntu <jasonzhuyq@outlook.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 23:31:55 +1000
Subject: [PATCH] finished Chap8, working on chap9

---
 chap8_functions.md | 103 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 chap9_classes.md   | 134 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/car.py         |  27 +++++++++
 src/dog.py         |  16 ++++++
 src/pizza.py       |   3 +
 5 files changed, 283 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 chap8_functions.md
 create mode 100644 chap9_classes.md
 create mode 100644 src/car.py
 create mode 100644 src/dog.py
 create mode 100644 src/pizza.py

diff --git a/chap8_functions.md b/chap8_functions.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/chap8_functions.md
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+# Chapter 8. Functions
+
+## Passing an Arbitrary Number of Arguments
+
+* Function uses `*arg_name` to collects arbitrary number of arguments.
+* `*` in parameter tells Python to make an empty tuple called `arg_name` and pack whatever values it receives into this tuple
+
+NOTE: `*args` is open used as **generic parameter** name
+
+```python
+def make_pizza(*toppings):
+    """Summarize the pizza we are about to make."""
+    print("\nMaking a pizza with the following toppings:")
+    for topping in toppings:
+        print(f"- {topping}")
+
+make_pizza('pepperoni')
+make_pizza('mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
+```
+
+## Mixing Positional and Arbitrary Arguments
+
+* If function accept different kinds of arguments, Arbitrary Arguments must be placed at last.
+
+```python
+def make_pizza(size, *toppings):
+    """Summarize the pizza we are about to make."""
+    print(f"\nMaking a {size}-inch pizza with the following toppings:")
+    for topping in toppings:
+        print(f"- {topping}")
+
+make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
+make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
+```
+
+## Using Arbitrary Keyword Arguments
+
+* Function can use double asterisks `**` to cause Python to create an empty dictionary called **user_info** and pack whatever name-value pairs.
+
+```python
+def build_profile(first, last, **user_info):
+    """Build a dictionary containing everything we know about a user."""
+    user_info['first_name'] = first
+    user_info['last_name'] = last
+    return user_info
+
+
+user_profile = build_profile('albert', 'einstein',
+                            location='princeton',
+                            field='physics')
+print(user_profile)
+
+{'location': 'princeton', 'field': 'physics',
+'first_name': 'albert', 'last_name': 'einstein'}
+```
+
+## Storing Your Functions in Modules
+
+Functions can be stored in different modules (python scripts) for better management.
+
+### Importing an Entire Module
+
+```python
+ import pizza
+
+pizza.make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
+pizza.make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
+```
+
+### Importing Specific Functions
+
+```python
+from module_name import function_name
+```
+
+### Using as to Give a Function an Alias
+
+```python
+from module_name import function_name as fn
+```
+
+### Using as to Give a Module an Alias
+
+```python
+import pizza as p
+
+p.make_pizza(16, 'pepperoni')
+p.make_pizza(12, 'mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese')
+```
+
+### Importing All Functions in a Module
+
+```python
+from module_name import *
+```
+
+## Styling Functions
+
+* Functions should have descriptive names, and function names should be lowercase letters and underscores.
+* Every function should have a comment that explain concisely what the function does.
+* If specify a default value, no space separation `def function_name(parameter_0, parameter_1='default value')`
+
+Generally follow PEP8
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diff --git a/chap9_classes.md b/chap9_classes.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/chap9_classes.md
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+# Chapter 9. Classes
+
+Objectives:
+
+* Making an object from a class is called **instantiation**, and you work with **instances of a class**. 
+* In this chapter you’ll write classes and create instances of those classes. 
+* You’ll specify the kind of information that can be stored in instances, and you’ll define actions that can be taken with these instances. 
+* You’ll also write classes that extend the functionality of existing classes, so similar classes can share code efficiently. 
+* You’ll store your classes in modules and import classes written by other programmers into your own program files.
+
+## Creating and using a class
+
+```python
+class Dog:
+    """A Simple attempt to model a dog"""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, age):
+        """Initialize name and age attributes."""
+        self.name = name
+        self.age = age
+    
+    def sit(self):
+        """Simulate a dog sitting in response to a command."""
+        print(f"{self.name} is now sitting.")
+
+    def roll_over(self):
+        """Simulate rolling over in response to a command"""
+        print(f"{self.name} rolled over!")
+```
+
+### __init__() method
+
+* A special method python run automatically whenever we create a new instance.
+* `self` in parameters is required in method definition, always come first
+  * So method call will automatically pass the `self` argument, it's a reference to itself.
+
+### Making an Instance from a Class
+
+```python
+my_dog = Dog('Willie', 6)
+
+(f"My dog's name is {my_dog.name}.")
+print(f"My dog is {my_dog.age} years old.")
+```
+
+### Accessing Attributes
+
+```python
+my_dog.name
+```
+
+### Calling Methods
+
+```python
+class Dog:
+    --snip--
+
+my_dog = Dog('Willie', 6)
+my_dog.sit()
+my_dog.roll_over()
+```
+
+### Creating Multiple Instances
+
+```python
+class Dog:
+    --snip--
+
+my_dog = Dog('Willie', 6)
+your_dog = Dog('Lucy', 3)
+
+print(f"My dog's name is {my_dog.name}.")
+print(f"My dog is {my_dog.age} years old.")
+my_dog.sit()
+
+print(f"\nYour dog's name is {your_dog.name}.")
+print(f"Your dog is {your_dog.age} years old.")
+your_dog.sit();
+```
+
+## Working with Classes and Instances
+
+After we create class, we can edit object
+
+* need write **getter/setter functions** to access attributes
+* may need default value for attribute 
+
+```python
+class Car:
+    """A simple attempt to represent a car."""
+
+    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
+        """Initialize attributes to describe a car."""
+        self.make = make
+        self.model = model
+        self.year = year
+        self.odometer_reading = 0
+
+    def get_descriptive_name(self):
+        """Return a neatly formatted descriptive name."""
+        long_name = f"{self.year} {self.make} {self.model}"
+        return long_name.title()
+
+    def read_odometer(self):
+           """Print a statement showing the car's mileage."""
+           print(f"This car has {self.odometer_reading} miles on it.")
+    
+    def update_odometer(self, mileage):
+        """Set the odometer reading to the given value."""
+        self.odometer_reading = mileage
+
+my_new_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2019)
+print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
+my_new_car.update_odometer(23)
+my_new_car.read_odometer()
+```
+
+* `get_descriptive_name()` is a getter function, so we can get private attributes
+* `odometer_reading` has default value as 0
+
+## Inheritance
+
+Use **inheritance** when the class is a specialized version of another class.
+
+* When one class *inherits* from another, it takes on the attributes and methods of the first class.
+* Original class is called **parent class**, New class is called **child class**
+* Child class can define new attributes/methods
+
+### __init__() for a Child Class
+
+Creating a `__init__()` of a child class:
+
+1. Call `__init__()` from parent class, to initialize parent's attributes
+2. 
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diff --git a/src/car.py b/src/car.py
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/car.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+class Car:
+    """A simple attempt to represent a car."""
+
+    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
+        """Initialize attributes to describe a car."""
+        self.make = make
+        self.model = model
+        self.year = year
+        self.odometer_reading = 0
+
+    def get_descriptive_name(self):
+        """Return a neatly formatted descriptive name."""
+        long_name = f"{self.year} {self.make} {self.model}"
+        return long_name.title()
+
+    def read_odometer(self):
+           """Print a statement showing the car's mileage."""
+           print(f"This car has {self.odometer_reading} miles on it.")
+    
+    def update_odometer(self, mileage):
+        """Set the odometer reading to the given value."""
+        self.odometer_reading = mileage
+
+my_new_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2019)
+print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
+my_new_car.update_odometer(23)
+my_new_car.read_odometer()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dog.py b/src/dog.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fcd7b55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dog.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+class Dog:
+    """A Simple attempt to model a dog"""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, age):
+        """Initialize name and age attributes."""
+        self.name = name
+        self.age = age
+    
+    def sit(self):
+        """Simulate a dog sitting in response to a command."""
+        print(f"{self.name} is now sitting.")
+
+    def roll_over(self):
+        """Simulate rolling over in response to a command"""
+        print(f"{self.name} rolled over!")
+
diff --git a/src/pizza.py b/src/pizza.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8c7861
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pizza.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+def make_pizza(*toppings):
+    """Print the list of toppings that have been requested."""
+    print(toppings)
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