Finished up to Chapter 6.3.1
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## 6.1 Introduction to Objects
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* An object is an unordererd collection of properties (each is a name/value pair)
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* JS object can inherit properties from another object (aka "prototype")
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* JS objects are dynamic; i.e. properties can be added/removed
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* Any value in JS is object except string, number, Symbol, `true`/`false`, `null`/`undefined`
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* Objects are mutable, and manupulated by reference rather than value.
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* e.g. `let y=x` means `y` holds a reference to the same obj, not a copy of that obj.
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* Common operations on obj: create, set, query, delete, test, and enumerate
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* Property has name & value, but no obj has two properties with the same name (that's why we use Symbol)
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* JS use *own property* to refer to non-inherited properties.
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* Each property has 3 property **attributes**:
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* **writable**: whether value of property can be set
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* **enumerable**: whether the property name is returned by for/in loop
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* **configurable**: whether the property can be deleted and its attributes can be altered
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## 6.2 Creating Objects
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Creating obj, 4 methods:
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1. using object literal
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2. using keyword `new`
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3. using `Object.create()` function
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### 6.2.1 Object Literals
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**Object literal** in simplest form:
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* comma-separated list of colon-separated `name:value` pairs, enclosed within `{}`.
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* property *name*: JS identifier or string
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* property *value*: JS expression
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```js
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let empty = {}; // An object with no properties
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let point = { x: 0, y: 0 }; // Two numeric properties
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let p2 = { x: point.x, y: point.y+1 }; // More complex values
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let book = {
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"main title": "JavaScript", // These property names include spaces,
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"sub-title": "The Definitive Guide", // and hyphens, so use string literals.
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for: "all audiences", // for is reserved, but no quotes.
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author: { // The value of this property is
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firstname: "David", // itself an object.
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surname: "Flanagan"
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}
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};
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```
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When object literal works:
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* Object literal creates & initializes a new & distinct obj every time it's evaluated.
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* In loop body, a new obj can be created repeatedly.
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### 6.2.2 Creating Objects with new
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* **`new` operator**
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* creates & initialize a new object
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* syntax: `new` followed by function invocation as **constructor**
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```js
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let o = new Object(); // Create an empty object: same as {}.
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let a = new Array(); // Create an empty array: same as [].
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let d = new Date(); // Create a Date object representing the current time
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let r = new Map(); // Create a Map object for key/value mapping
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```
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### 6.2.3 Prototypes
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Almost all JS obj has a prototype associate with it:
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* All objs created using **object literal** (shown in 6.2.1) are associated with the same prototype obj, referred by `Object.prototype`
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* objs created using `new` (invoking constructor) use *value of constructor function's `prototype` property* as prototype
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* `new Object()` inherits from `Object.prototype`
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* `new Array()` inherits from `Array.prototype`
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* Only few objects have `prototype` property, they are used to define `prototypes` for all other objs.
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### 6.2.4 Object.create()
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3 Methods below demonstrated ability to create a new obj with an arbitrary prototype:
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* Create new obj w/ defined prototype using **`Object.create()`**
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```js
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let o1 = Object.create({x: 1, y: 2}); // o1 inherits properties x and y.
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o1.x + o1.y // => 3
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```
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* Create new obj w/o prototype by parsing `null`
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* Created obj inherit no property or method (e.g. `toString()`)
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```js
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let o2 = Object.create(null); // o2 inherits no props or methods.
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```
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* Create ordinary new empty obj using **`Object.prototype`** (like obj returned by `{}` or `Object()`)
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```js
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let o3 = Object.create(Object.prototype); // o3 is like {} or new Object().
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```
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#### Use created object to guard unintended modification
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* Q: How to guard against unintended modification of an obj by a function (from other library)?
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* A: Instead of passing the obj directly to the function, pass an obj that inherit from it. So writing property do not affect original value. (like passing a read-only)
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```js
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let o = { x: "don't change this value" };
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library.function(Object.create(o)); // Guard against accidental modifications
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```
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## 6.3 Querying and Setting Properties
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Obtain value of property:
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* using dot (`.`): RHS of dot should be simple identifier (not string) of property
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* using square bracket (`[]`): value within `[]` should be an expression that evalutes to a string (or sth can convert to string) that contains property name
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```js
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let author = book.author; // Get the "author" property of the book.
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let name = author.surname; // Get the "surname" property of the author.
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let title = book["main title"]; // Get the "main title" property of the book.
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```
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Create/Set a property:
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* Query property, and place it on LHS
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```js
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book.edition = 7; // Create an "edition" property of book.
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book["main title"] = "ECMAScript"; // Change the "main title" property.
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```
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### 6.3.1 Objects As Associative Arrays
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```js
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object.property // C like structure access
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object["property"] // associative array
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```
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JS objects are **Associative Arrays** (e.g. hash or map or dictionary)
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* In strong typed language (e.g. C/C++), obj's property are defined. While, JS program can **create any number of properties in any object in runtime**
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* `.` operator requires name of the property as identifier, which may be unknown in code.
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* `[]` operator allow access properties dynamically
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Following code shows calculate portfolio value in runtime via associative arrays
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```js
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function computeValue(portfolio) {
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let total = 0.0;
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for(let stock in portfolio) { // For each stock in the portfolio:
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let shares = portfolio[stock]; // get the number of shares
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let price = getQuote(stock); // look up share price
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total += shares * price; // add stock value to total value
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}
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return total; // Return total value.
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}
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```
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### 6.3.2 Inheritance
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### 6.3.3 Property Access Errors
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## 6.4 Deleting Properties
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## 6.5 Testing Properties
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## 6.6 Enumerating Properties
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### 6.6.1 Property Enumeration Order
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## 6.7 Extending Objects
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## 6.8 Serializing Objects
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## 6.9 Object Methods
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## 6.10 Extended Object Literal Syntax
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### 6.9.1 The toString() Method
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### 6.9.2 The toLocaleString() Method
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### 6.9.3 The valueOf() Method
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### 6.9.4 The toJSON() Method
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## 6.10 Extended Object Literal Syntax
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### 6.10.1 Shorthand Properties
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### 6.10.2 Computed Property Names
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### 6.10.3 Symbols as Property Names
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### 6.10.4 Spread Operator
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### 6.10.5 Shorthand Methods
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### 6.10.6 Property Getters and Setters
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