# First Django App Target: create a basic poll application, with 2 parts a **public site** and a **admin site** * **public site**: let's pp view polls and vote * **admin site**: let's you(admin) add/change/delete poll ## Part 1 1. Create web project 2. Create 1st app 3. Create 1st view 4. Add view & app into web url ### Creating a project In the source directory, create project by ``` $ django-admin startproject ``` Constraint on ``: * don't use names that conflict with django * e.g. `django`, `test` (test with built-in test file) ``` mysite/ manage.py mysite/ __init__.py settings.py urls.py asgi.py wsgi.py ``` Explain file structure: * top-level `mysite/`: container of the project, can be renamed latter w/o affect Django framework * `manage.py`: cmd-line utility let us to interact (admin) with Django projects. * inner `mysite/` dir: actual Python package for the project. * Importing any package from here: e.g. `mysite.urls` * `mysite/__init__.py`: empty file, tell python start from here. * `mysite/settings.py`: settings/config for this django project. * `mysite/urls.py`: URL declarations for this Django pjt; a "table of contents" of this Django website. * `mysite/asgi.py`: An entry-point for ASGI-compatible webservers * `mysite/wsgi.py`: Entry-point for WSGI-compatible webservers ### The development server Start server steps: 1. cd into outer `mysite/` dir 2. Start server via: `python manage.py runserver` Outcome: * A development server is started. So no need to config a production server (e.g. Apache) * Note: don't use it as production environment. ### Creating the Polls app > Projects vs. apps > > What’s the difference between a project and an app? An app is a Web application that does something – e.g., a Weblog system, a database of public records or a small poll app. A project is a collection of configuration and apps for a particular website. A project can contain multiple apps. An app can be in multiple projects. Create a poll app along `mysite/`. For what? ``` $ python manage.py startapp polls ``` app hierarchy ``` polls/ __init__.py admin.py apps.py migrations/ __init__.py models.py tests.py views.py ``` ### Write the first view #### Step 1: Create a simple view of `polls` app modify `polls/views.py` as ```python from django.http import request from django.shortcuts import render def index(request): return HttpResponse("Hello, world. You're at the polls index") ``` * `def index(request):...` is the simplest view #### Step 2: In `polls` app, map the URL to this view After creating a view, map it to a URL so we can call it. Create `polls/urls.py`, and setup mapping `urlpatterns` ```python from django.urls import path from . import views urlpatterns = [ path('', views.index, name='index'), ] ``` #### Step 3: Point the root URLconf for polls To point the root URLconf at `polls.urls` module: 1. In `mysite/urls.py` 1. add import for `django.urls.inclue` 2. insert a `include()` in `urlpatterns` list i.e. ```python from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import include, path urlpatterns = [ path('polls/', include('polls.urls')), path('admin/', admin.site.urls), ] ``` ##### django.urls.include() > django.urls.include(): A function that takes a full Python import path to another URLconf module that should be “included” in this place. * new imported `include()` function allows referencing other URLconfs. * `'polls.urls'` is the package that we are using, hence `mysite` can connect to `polls` app ##### path() Here `path()` function is passed **route** and **view**; two additional option available **kwargs**, and **name** * `path()` argument **route**: a string that contains a URL pattern. When Django processing a request, it starts at the first pattern in `urlpatterns` and go down the list, comparing requested URL against each pattern * `path()` argument **view**: when Django finds a matching pattern, it calls specified view function (a `HttpRequest` obj as the 1st argument, and others captured values as keyword argument) * `path()` argument **kwargs**: passed in a dictionary to the target view * `path()` argument **name**: naming URL, so we can refer to it elsewhere. ## Part 2 ### Database setup 1. Modify `mysite/settings.py` for database binding 2. `python manage.py migrate` create database for each app ### Models Creation 在 Django 里写一个数据库驱动的 Web 应用的第一步: **定义模型** - 也就是数据库结构设计和附加的其它元数据 Meta Data ### Activate Models 改变模型需要这三步: * 编辑 models.py 文件,改变模型 * 运行 python manage.py makemigrations 为模型的改变生成迁移文件。 * 运行 python manage.py migrate 来应用数据库迁移。 在这之前,确认polls已经在 INSTALLED_APPS的settings中。 详情如何使用 `manage.py` 可check [Django后台文档](https://docs.djangoproject.com/zh-hans/3.1/ref/django-admin/) ### Test API 进入 `python manage.py shell` 可以使用Django创建的各种API,如[数据库抽象API database API(建议细看)](https://docs.djangoproject.com/zh-hans/3.1/topics/db/queries/) ## Part 3 * In Django, web content & HTML come from Views models. Every view is a Python function/class. Django use customer requested URL to decide which View to generate. * Django use 'URLconfs' to map btw URL and Views. Details of[pURL manager](https://docs.djangoproject.com/zh-hans/3.1/topics/http/urls/) * URL's general form: `/newsarchive///` ### 3.1 Create more Views > 当某人请求你网站的某一页面时——比如说, "/polls/34/" ,Django 将会载入 mysite.urls 模块,因为这在配置项 ROOT_URLCONF 中设置了。然后 Django 寻找名为 urlpatterns 变量并且按序匹配正则表达式。在找到匹配项 'polls/',它切掉了匹配的文本("polls/"),将剩余文本——"34/",发送至 'polls.urls' URLconf 做进一步处理。在这里剩余文本匹配了 "/",使得我们 Django 以如下形式调用 polls.urls.detail(): > `detail(request=, question_id=34)` ### 3.2 Create a true useful View 每个视图必须要做的只有两件事:返回一个包含被请求页面内容的 HttpResponse 对象,或者抛出一个异常,比如 Http404 。至于你还想干些什么,随便你。 你的视图可以从数据库里读取记录,可以使用一个模板引擎(比如 Django 自带的,或者其他第三方的),可以生成一个 PDF 文件,可以输出一个 XML,创建一个 ZIP 文件,你可以做任何你想做的事,使用任何你想用的 Python 库。 `django.shortcuts.render` 可以“载入模板,填充上下文,再返回由它生成的 HttpResponse 对象“ #### shortcut function: `render()` 「载入模板,填充上下文,再返回由它生成的 HttpResponse 对象」是一个非常常用的操作流程。于是 Django 提供了一个快捷函数 render > The render() function takes the request object as its first argument, a template name as its second argument and a dictionary as its optional third argument. It returns an HttpResponse object of the given template rendered with the given context. ### 3.3 Throw 404 error 如果指定问题 ID 所对应的问题不存在,这个视图就会抛出一个 Http404 异常。 尝试用 get() 函数获取一个对象,如果不存在就抛出 Http404 错误也是一个普遍的流程。Django 也提供了一个快捷函数, 从而取代try/except语句 > 什么我们使用辅助函数 get_object_or_404() 而不是自己捕获 ObjectDoesNotExist 异常呢?还有,为什么模型 API 不直接抛出 ObjectDoesNotExist 而是抛出 Http404 呢? > 因为这样做会增加模型层和视图层的耦合性。指导 Django 设计的最重要的思想之一就是要保证松散耦合。一些受控的耦合将会被包含在 django.shortcuts 模块中。 ### 3.4 Using template system [Templates in Django](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.1/topics/templates/) `polls/detail.html` 模板里正式的代码: ```html

{{ question.question_text }}

    {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
  • {{ choice.choice_text }}
  • {% endfor %}
``` 模板系统统一使用点符号来访问变量的属性 ### 3.5 Remove hardlink URL in template In template `polls/index.html`, links are hardcoded as shown ```html {% for question in latest_question_list %}
  • {{ question.question_text }}
  • {% endfor %} ``` Consider `index.html` will be reused numerous times, 去耦合is necessary. ```html
  • {{ question.question_text }}
  • ``` ### 3.6 为 URL 名称添加命名空间 在根 URLconf 中添加命名空间 (namespace) 1. Add `app_name = 'polls'` for namespace in `poll.urls.py` 2. Change `detail` in `index.html` to `polls:detail` ## Part 4. Form ### 4.1 编写一个简单的表单 Edit `polls/templates/polls/detail.html` so it contain **`HTML
    `** elements: ```html

    {{ question.question_text }}

    {% if error_message %}

    {{ error_message }}

    {% endif %} {% csrf_token %} {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
    {% endfor %}
    ``` Explain: * 当有人选择一个单选按钮并提交表单提交时,它将发送一个 POST 数据 choice=# ,其中# 为选择的 Choice 的 ID。这是 HTML 表单的基本概念。 * 我们设置表单的 action 为 {% url 'polls:vote' question.id %} ,并设置 method="post" 。使用 method="post"``(与其相对的是 ``method="get"`)是非常重要的,因为这个提交表单的行为会改变服务器端的数据。 **无论何时,当你需要创建一个改变服务器端数据的表单时,请使用 ``method="post"** 。这不是 Django 的特定技巧;这是优秀的网站开发技巧。 * 所有针对内部 URL 的 POST 表单都应该使用 {% csrf_token %} 模板标签。 修改 `view.py`, 将Choice 逻辑灌输入其中。 ```python def vote(request, question_id): question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) try: # request.POST 是一个类字典对象 (dictionary-like object),让你可以通过关键字的名字获取提交的数据。 # request.POST['choice'] 以字符串形式返回选择的 Choice 的 ID selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice']) except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist): # 如果在 request.POST['choice'] 数据中没有提供 choice , POST 将引发一个 KeyError 。上面的代码检查 KeyError ,如果没有给出 choice 将重新显示 Question 表单和一个错误信息。 # Redisplay the question voting form. return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', { 'question': question, 'error_message': "You didn't select a choice.", }) else: selected_choice.votes += 1 selected_choice.save() # 在增加 Choice 的得票数之后,代码返回一个 HttpResponseRedirect 而不是常用的 HttpResponse 、 HttpResponseRedirect 只接收一个参数:用户将要被重定向的 URL # Always return an HttpResponseRedirect after successfully dealing # with POST data. This prevents data from being posted twice if a # user hits the Back button. return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('polls:results', args=(question.id,))) # 我们在 HttpResponseRedirect 的构造函数中使用 reverse() 函数。这个函数避免了我们在视图函数中硬编码 URL。它需要我们给出我们想要跳转的视图的名字和该视图所对应的 URL 模式中需要给该视图提供的参数。在本例中,使用在 教程第 3 部分 中设定的 URLconf, reverse() 调用将返回一个这样的字符串:'/polls/3/results/' 其中 3 是 question.id 的值。重定向的 URL 将调用 'results' 视图来显示最终的页面。 ``` 当有人对 Question 进行投票后, vote() 视图将请求重定向到 Question 的结果界面 (result view), edit it: ```python def results(request, question_id): question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question}) ``` 同时,我们需要创建一个`polls/results.html` template ```python

    {{ question.question_text }}

      {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
    • {{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote{{ choice.votes|pluralize }}
    • {% endfor %}
    Vote again? ``` ### 4.2 使用通用视图(generic views):代码还是少点好 Web 开发中的一个常见情况:根据 URL 中的参数从数据库中获取数据、载入模板文件然后返回渲染后的模板。 由于这种情况特别常见,Django 提供一种快捷方式,叫做“通用视图”系统。 让我们将我们的投票应用转换成使用通用视图系统,这样我们可以删除许多我们的代码。我们仅仅需要做以下几步来完成转换,我们将: * 转换 URLconf。 * 删除一些旧的、不再需要的视图。 * 基于 Django 的通用视图引入新的视图。 #### Modify URLconf of polls Change ```python # ex: /polls/ path('', views.index, name='index'), # ex: /polls/5/ path('/', views.detail, name='detail'), # ex: /polls/5/results/ path('/results/', views.results, name='results'), ``` to ```python path('', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'), path('/', views.DetailView.as_view(), name='detail'), path('/results/', views.ResultsView.as_view(), name='results'), ``` * 注意,第二个和第三个匹配准则中,路径字符串中匹配模式的名称已经由 改为 (primary key)。 #### Modify Views Target: Replace `index`, `details` & `results` views using Django's generic views that named in `polls/urls.py` 将 ```python def index(request): latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5] context = {'latest_question_list': latest_question_list} return render(request, 'polls/index.html', context) def detail(request, question_id): question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question}) def results(request, question_id): question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question}) ``` 改为 ```python class IndexView(generic.ListView): template_name = 'polls/index.html' context_object_name = 'latest_question_list' def get_queryset(self): """Return the last five published questions.""" return Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5] class DetailView(generic.DetailView): model = Question template_name = 'polls/detail.html' class ResultsView(generic.DetailView): model = Question template_name = 'polls/results.html' ``` 两个通用视图: ListView 和 DetailView 。这两个视图分别抽象“显示一个对象列表”和“显示一个特定类型对象的详细信息页面”这两种概念。 * 每个通用视图需要知道它将作用于哪个模型。 这由 model 属性 (i.e. model members) 提供。 * DetailView 期望从 URL 中捕获名为 "pk" 的主键值,所以我们为通用视图把 question_id 改成 pk 。 解释 DetailView * 默认情况下,通用视图 DetailView 使用一个叫做 /_detail.html 的模板。 * e.g. "polls/question_detail.html" template for us. * 但是我们可以用 model member `template_name` 来指定模板 解释 ListView * ListView 也使用一个叫做 /_list.html 的默认模板 * 而这里我们使用 `template_name` 来指定模板 * 我们提供 context_object_name 属性,表示我们想使用 latest_question_list 重启服务器后,就是新的投票应用(同样的html),但是内部用了generic view